Wildlife of India: The Past, Present, and the Future

I must’ve been in high school when I was first presented with my very own copy of Jim Corbett’s book, “The Temple Tiger and Man-Eaters of Kumaon.” I devoured the pages in no time, and soon, hungered for more. My love affair with the jungles of India had begun. Corbett followed Rudyard Kipling, Kenneth Anderson, Valmik Thapar, and the list grew lengthier by the day. Little did I know back then, that someday I’d tour these incredible jungles with a camera in hand and a wild imagination in tow, looking for a good picture or a subject for an article.  Until then, my imagination was peppered with thoughts of tigers stalking unsuspecting deer, herds of gaur grazing peacefully, of leopards leaping from one branch to another, and of crocodiles slinking into the murky depths of a vast river. 

Jungle fowl engaged in a spat

Today, as I listen to the alarm calls of a spotted deer, sitting patiently in a safari jeep, I consider myself to be one of the fortunate few whose dream of capturing these memories on camera has finally come alive. A huge credit for this goes to the conservationists, forest department personnel, and all those who’ve battled for the protection and preservation of Indian jungles and its wildlife, making it possible for the likes of me to enjoy what remains of the flora and fauna in modern India.

The protection of endangered species and the forest cover is an ongoing battle, one that must be fought relentlessly at all times so that the generation after us isn’t relegated to photographing animals and birds at the zoo. Before the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi launched Project Tiger in 1973, the population of these striped cats was on a rapid decline. By 1971, it is believed that a mere 1800 tigers remained in the wild. The demand was such that tiger skins adorned the living rooms of bureaucrats, nawabs and the elite of India and abroad.  It wasn’t just the taxidermists who had a field day, but also poachers who hunted and sold various body parts of tigers, monitor lizards and elephants, and a host of other species, to anyone willing to buy them. From marketing them as powerful aphrodisiacs to talismans, 19th century India saw a vulgar display of wild animal body parts as ornamental pieces.

An elephant herd by the banks of Kabini

Over the years, having toured numerous jungles across the sub-continent and read innumerable books on wildlife in India, I have come to the conclusion it isn’t all black and white as far as wildlife conservation is concerned. On one end of the spectrum are the experts who raise awareness and invest their heart and soul in the protection of critical species, and on the other end are the hapless villagers and tribal people who’ve lost crops, livestock, their homes and in some cases, lives to wild animals. Caught in the crossfire is the Forest Department whose main purpose today has become to strike a balance between the two.

A leopard in Nagarahole National Park

What then is the future of wildlife in India? Are we doing enough to put an end to forest degradation and wildlife protection? A small, but crucial, part of the answer lies in Wildlife Tourism. Thapar, who invested over 35 years of his life battling for the protection of Tigers in India, said that the future of Indian wildlife lies in Wildlife Tourism. For many, wildlife tourism may be a double-edged sword, a matter of debate... but I couldn’t agree more. When I think of the future of wildlife in India, I not only envision a thriving tiger and leopard population, but also a healthy percentage of endangered species such as the Barasingha, Black Buck, and larger mammals including elephants and gaur, living unmolested by man. To make this possible, it’s imperative that we protect their homes and ensure they have enough space to establish territories. I emphasize on the importance of territorial space, because animals, especially predators, in most cases are territorial. In the case of elephants, they are creatures of habit, migrating from one part of the forest to another, looking for food and water. As for tigers, the lack of territorial space means an increased risk of human-animal conflict. Simply declaring tigers as protected will not suffice. A sustainable and practical future for these animals starts with prevention of forest degradation and establishing critical animal corridors. All of this boils down to responsible wildlife tourism. For the jungles of tomorrow, the India of today needs to educate the generation of the future. We need to teach them to revere the jungles, love and respect our wildlife. I believe that the foundation has been set by our predecessors who dedicated their lives for preservation and protection of wildlife in India. I’m optimistic that the day is not far when the jungles as I envision them, will become a reality. 

Nandi Hills: A Bird Watcher's Paradise

Back in the 80’s and some part of the early 90’s, Bangalore was a city that operated at an unhurried, relaxed pace. The lack of malls and shopping centers meant that weekends were spent either climbing trees in Lalbagh or riding the emancipated ponies in Cubbon Park. We’d wait for the summer holidays because this meant a special treat in the form of a day trip to Nandi Hills. We’d squeeze into my uncle’s vintage car and drive up, stopping multiple times either because the radiator threatened to erupt like a volcano or someone had motion sickness. Once we were afflicted with the disease called ‘growing up’, no one had the time nor inclination to drive to this picturesque piece of paradise.

Bulbul 

So nearly 20 years later, I revisited this holiday destination from my childhood at the behest of my husband, who’d never been here before. Of course, it would’ve been silly to expect the place to look the same. That said, the degree of change amazed me. To begin with, I was very surprised at the sheer number of people who’d thronged to watch the sunrise or check out Tippu Sultan’s summer retreat. Our agenda for the trip was, however, something else.  

Armed with our cameras, we broke away from the crowd and began exploring the vegetation for birds. I’d heard from a couple of our friends that Nandi Hills was a great place to photograph birds.  Although we heard a cacophony of bird calls, spotting them wasn’t easy because they’d hop onto to the highest branch at the slightest sound of a human voice. Apparently, some of the birds that are endemic to the Western Ghats are found here. Eager to leave the people and the innumerable monkeys behind, we looked for quieter places where we’d most likely find our feathered friends. Soon we found ourselves in a nursery attached to a small park. Attracted by the chirping and singing from within the trees, we tiptoed inside and stayed absolutely silent.

The Paradise Flycatcher

Sure enough, our patience paid off and we managed to get some wonderful shots of a bird that had long eluded us  - the Paradise Flycatcher. Although we’ve been on many trips to the jungles along the Western Ghats of Karnataka, somehow this species of the Flycatcher has dodged all our attempts to capture it. Little did we know that there was one right in the backyard of the city. We managed to get some beautiful shots of not just the Paradise Flycatcher, but also a couple of other birds including a Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher, some Bulbuls, and a Grey-collard Oriole, among a host of beautiful birds that throng the hills. If you’re into some serious birding, then you’d understand when I say that this is just the tip of the iceberg. There are so many species of birds that have made Nandi Hills their home, and we’re yet to photograph more than half, giving us all the more reason to come back.

That said, if birding is not your thing, then you could do a little bit of time travel as well. While the crumbling relics do little to take you back in time, they stand testimony to what was once Tippu’s Tashk-e-Janant that translates to the Envy of Heaven. The initial construction was started by his father, Hyder Ali, and later completed by his son. Following a quick glimpse at the summer rest house, we headed to the famous Tippu Drop. It is believed that prisoners condemned to die were forced down the 600-meter cliff. As the crowds started to build up, we decided it was time for us to head home. Before we decided to call it a day, we did check out the lovely nursery that was, unfortunately on that day, closed to visitors.

Nandi Hills has something for everyone. Fitness aficionados can hike along the numerous paths that traverse through the hills or join one of the cycling clubs that offer customized packages. You also have the Nandi Temple that’s dedicated to Bhoganandishwara and Yoganandeeshwara, and of course, a number of places to sip a hot cup of coffee during winters or a cold soda in the sweltering summers, although I wouldn’t recommend picnics, considering how audacious the monkeys are. Speaking of monkeys, I remember this rather amusing incident from when I was a little girl. A large group comprising my parents, grandparents, various aunts and cousins planned a picnic in Nandi Hills. No sooner did we open the food hamper, a dozen monkeys screamed and bared their teeth from the trees above, although they didn’t dare come down owing to the size of our group. This, however, did not deter the monkeys from calling out and watching the hamper from a safe distance. This continued for a few minutes, while my family, ignoring the bedlam, heartily tucked in.

This angered the monkeys who were used to terrorizing the smaller groups into parting with their food. One of the more enterprising ones then decided that he’d relieve himself from above. For reasons of privacy and respect for my family, I will not name who the recipient of the unwelcome shower was, but it was enough to send us scurrying into the car, packing the leftovers in a hurry.

Nandi Hills holds some fond memories for me. It is a reminder that not all vacations require complex planning and traveling all over the country or the world. If you’re looking for a quick and affordable getaway or some good locations for serious birding, there are several picturesque locations at a distance of between 60 to 100 kilometers from Bangalore that are ideal. The best part of such vacations is that they don’t burn your wallet!